GAD65, IAA, IA-2, And ZnT8: Islet Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes

In this episode, we review the major islet autoantibodies used in type 1 diabetes, focusing on GAD65 in adults, IAA in young children, IA-2 and progression risk, and ZnT8 for additional diagnostic sensitivity. Topics include antibody testing strategies, presymptomatic screening and staging, single versus multiple autoantibody positivity, type 1 diabetes stages, factors affecting antibody interpretation, and the role of C peptide in evaluating autoimmune diabetes.