Billion-Dollar Blunder? Fleming and the Discovery of Antibiotics

One contaminated lab plate helped launch a multi-billion-dollar industry, save hundreds of millions of lives, and trigger one of the biggest IP blunders in British history. Ross Cagan and Sandy Weir trace the penicillin story from Alexander Fleming's messy "failed" experiment to the commercialisation race that changed medicine forever. They unpack how Fleming spotted the blue-green mould that killed staph bacteria, why his breakthrough sat ignored for a decade, and how Howard Florey and Ernest Chain turned the discovery into a scalable manufacturing process during World War Two. Along the way, they reveal why the real breakthrough wasn't just scientific, it was industrial, legal, and deeply political.